Translator’s Note: Parenthetical insertions are drawn from Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa’s commentary.

Govardhanāṣṭaka (1)

Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī

Translator’s Note: In Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī’s original Sanskrit, several verses alternate between directly addressing Govardhana (vocative—verses 1, 4, 8, and the final line of each verse) and describing him in the third person (nominative/genitive—verses 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7). To preserve a smooth and consistent poetic flow in English, all descriptions in this translation are rendered as direct addresses to Govardhana.

govindāsyottaṁsita-vaṁśī-kvaṇitodyal-
lāsyotkaṇṭhā-matta-mayūra-vraja-vīta
rādhā-kuṇḍottuṅga-taraṅgāṅkuritāṅga
pratyāśāṁ me tvaṁ kuru govardhana pūrṇām (1)

• govinda-āsya – by the mouth of Govinda; uttaṁsita – ornamented; vaṁśī – of the flute; kvaṇita – by the sounding; udyal – rising; lāsya – for dancing; utkaṇṭhā – by the longing; matta – maddened; mayūra-vraja – by flocks of peacocks; vīta – surrounded;
• rādhā-kuṇḍa – of Rādhā-kuṇḍa; uttuṅga – high; taraṅga – by the waves; aṅkurita – sprouted; aṅga – whose body;
• pratyāśāṁ – deep desire; me – my; tvaṁ – you; kuru – please make; govardhana – O Govardhana; pūrṇām – fulfilled.

O you who are encircled by flocks of peacocks, maddened by a surging eagerness to dance at the resonant sound of the flute adorning Govinda’s lips, and whose limbs have blossomed with tender greenery nourished by the lofty waves of Rādhā-kuṇḍa—please fulfill my deepest longing, O Govardhana.

yasyotkarṣād vismita-dhībhir vraja-devī-
vṛndair varyaṁ varṇitam āste haridāsyam
citrair yuñjas ta dyuti-puñjair akhilāśāṁ
pratyāśāṁ me tvaṁ kuru govardhana pūrṇām (2)

• yasya – whose; utkarṣād – due to the excellence; vismita – astonished; dhībhiḥ – whose minds; vraja-devī-vṛndaiḥ – by the multitudes of Vraja-goddesses; varyaṁ – the best; varṇitam – described; āste – is; hari-dāsyam – service to Lord Hari;
• citraiḥ – with wondrous; yuñjan saḥ – he who fills; dyuti-puñjaiḥ – with masses of splendor; akhila-āśāṁ – all directions;
• pratyāśāṁ – deep desire; me – my; tvaṁ – you; kuru – please make; govardhana – O Govardhana; pūrṇām – fulfilled.

O you whose service to Hari is established as the most excellent by the multitudes of Vraja-devīs whose minds are struck with wonder at your excellence, and who pervade all directions with wondrous masses of radiance (emanating from moonstones, sapphires, rubies, and other jewels)—please fulfill my deepest longing, O Govardhana.

vindadbhir yo mandiratāṁ kandara-vṛndaiḥ
kandaiś cendor bandhubhir ānandayatīśam
vaidūryābhair nirjhara-toyair api so’yaṁ
pratyāśāṁ me tvaṁ kuru govardhana pūrṇām (3)

• vindadbhiḥ – attaining; yaḥ – who; mandiratāṁ – the state of being palaces; kandara-vṛndaiḥ – by multitudes of caves;
• kandaiḥ – by edible roots; ca – and; indoḥ – of the moon; bandhubhiḥ – by the friends; ānandayati – delights; īśam – the Supreme Lord;
• vaidūrya-ābhaiḥ – possessing the luster of lapis lazuli; nirjhara-toyaiḥ – by the waters of the waterfalls; api – also; saḥ ayam – that very person;
• pratyāśāṁ – deep desire; me – my; tvaṁ – you; kuru – please make; govardhana – O Govardhana; pūrṇām – fulfilled.

O you who delight the Lord (Kṛṣṇa along with His associates, by offering hospitality) with multitudes of caves that serve as palaces (like jewel-adorned mansions), with roots that are friends of the moon (very bright and exceedingly sweet), and also with the waters of waterfalls possessing the luster of  vaidūrya (a clear, dark blue-green gem)—please fulfill my deepest longing, O Govardhana.

śaśvad-viśvālaṅkaraṇālaṅkṛti-medhyaiḥ
premṇā dhautair dhātubhir uddīpita-sāno
nityākrandat-kandara veṇu-dhvani-harṣāt
pratyāśāṁ me tvaṁ kuru govardhana pūrṇām (4)

• śaśvad – constantly; viśva-alaṅkaraṇa – of the ornament of the universe; alaṅkṛti – by the ornamentation; medhyaiḥ – pure; premṇā – with prema; dhautaiḥ – washed; dhātubhiḥ – by mineral pigments; uddīpita – illuminated; sāno – O you whose peaks;
• nitya – constantly; ākrandat – crying out; kandara – O you whose caves; veṇu – of the whistling bamboos; dhvani – of the sound; harṣāt – out of joy;
• pratyāśāṁ – deep desire; me – my; tvaṁ – you; kuru – please make; govardhana – O Govardhana; pūrṇām – fulfilled.

O you whose peaks are illuminated by mineral pigments (such as red, yellow, and blue minerals) washed with prema and rendered pure through their constant use in adorning the Ornament of the universe (Śrī Gopāladeva), and whose caves constantly cry out in joy from the sound of the bamboos (resounding like flutes)—please fulfill my deepest longing, O Govardhana.

prājyā rājir yasya virājaty upalānāṁ
kṛṣṇenāsau santatam adhyāsita-madhyā
so’yaṁ bandhur bandhur adharmā surabhīṇāṁ
pratyāśāṁ me tvaṁ kuru govardhana pūrṇām (5)

• prājyā – abundant; rājiḥ – range; yasya – whose; virājati – shines; upalānāṁ – of boulders;
• kṛṣṇena – by Kṛṣṇa; asau – that; santatam – continuously; adhyāsita – sat upon; madhyā – in the middle;
• saḥ ayam – that very person; bandhuḥ – friend; bandhura – charming; dharmā – whose nature; surabhīṇāṁ – of the surabhi cows;
• pratyāśāṁ – deep desire; me – my; tvaṁ – you; kuru – please make; govardhana – O Govardhana; pūrṇām – fulfilled.

O you whose extensive array of boulders shines, upon whose midst Kṛṣṇa continuously sits, and who are the friend of the Surabhi cows (as their protector), and whose nature is charming—please fulfill my deepest longing, O Govardhana.

nirdhunvānaḥ saṁhṛti-hetuṁ ghana-vṛndaṁ
jitvā jambhārātim asambhāvita-bādham
svānāṁ vairaṁ yaḥ kila niryāpitavān saḥ
pratyāśāṁ me tvaṁ kuru govardhana pūrṇām (6)

• nirdhunvānaḥ – repelling; saṁhṛti-hetuṁ – the cause of destruction; ghana-vṛndaṁ – the multitudes of clouds;
• jitvā – having defeated; jambhārātim – the enemy of Jambha (Indra); asambhāvita-bādham – whose opposition was unimaginable;
• svānāṁ – of his own kinsmen; vairaṁ – the enmity; yaḥ – who; kila – indeed; niryāpitavān – banished/extinguished; saḥ – he;
• pratyāśāṁ – deep desire; me – my; tvaṁ – you; kuru – please make; govardhana – O Govardhana; pūrṇām – fulfilled.

O you who, by repelling the multitudes of clouds that were the cause of devastation (sent to destroy the world), defeated the enemy of Jambha (Indra), whose assault was unimaginable, and who indeed removed the enmity of your own kinsmen (the mountains)—please fulfill my deepest longing, O Govardhana.

bibhrāṇo yaḥ śrī-bhuja-daṇḍopari-bhartuś
chatrī-bhāvaṁ nāma yathārthaṁ svam akārṣīt
kṛṣṇopajñaṁ yasya makhas tiṣṭhati so’yaṁ
pratyāśāṁ me tvaṁ kuru govardhana pūrṇām (7)

• bibhrāṇaḥ – bearing; yaḥ – who; śrī-bhuja-daṇḍa – the beautiful staff-like arm; upari – upon; bhartuḥ – of the Master;
• chatrī-bhāvaṁ – the state of being an umbrella; nāma – name; yathārthaṁ – literally true; svam – own; akārṣīt – made;
• kṛṣṇa-upajñaṁ – first inaugurated by Kṛṣṇa; yasya – whose; makhaḥ – sacrifice; tiṣṭhati – stands; saḥ ayam – that very person;
• pratyāśāṁ – deep desire; me – my; tvaṁ – you; kuru – please make; govardhana – O Govardhana; pūrṇām – fulfilled.

O you who, bearing the state of an umbrella (and thus manifesting sovereignty as the king of mountains) upon the beautiful, staff-like arm of the Master (Gopāla), made your own name literally true (for you nourish and increase the cows, the land of Vraja, and even speech, and also cut down Indra’s pride), and whose sacrifice stands as first inaugurated by Kṛṣṇa—please fulfill my deepest longing, O Govardhana.

gāndharvāyāḥ keli-kalā-bāndhava kuñje
kṣuṇṇais tasyāḥ kaṅkaṇa-hāraiḥ prayatāṅga
rāsa-krīḍā-maṇḍitayopatyakayāḍhya
pratyāśāṁ me tvaṁ kuru govardhana pūrṇām (8)

• gāndharvāyāḥ – of Gāndharvā (Śrīmati Rādhārāṇī); keli-kalā – of the artistic amorous pastimes; bāndhava – O friend!;
• kuñje – in the groves; kṣuṇṇaiḥ – fallen/broken; tasyāḥ – Her; kaṅkaṇa-hāraiḥ – by bracelets and necklaces; prayata-aṅga – O you whose body is sanctified/ornamented;
• rāsa-krīḍā – by the Rāsa pastimes; maṇḍitayā – adorned; upatyakayā – by the lower valleys; āḍhya – O you who are enriched;
• pratyāśāṁ – deep desire; me – my; tvaṁ – you; kuru – please make; govardhana – O Govardhana; pūrṇām – fulfilled.

O friend (and assistant) of the artful amorous pastimes of Gāndharvā (Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī), whose body is sanctified (and adorned) by Her bracelets and necklaces broken (and fallen) in your groves, and who are enriched by valleys adorned with the Rāsa dance pastimes—please fulfill my deepest longing, O Govardhana.

adri-śreṇī-śekhara padyāṣṭakam etat
kṛṣṇāmbhoda-preṣṭha paṭhed yas tava dehī
premānandaṁ tundilayan kṣipram amandaṁ
taṁ harṣeṇa svīkurutāṁ te hṛdayeśaḥ (9)

• adri-śreṇī – of the mountain ranges; śekhara – O crown!; padya-aṣṭakam – eight verses; etat – this;
• kṛṣṇa-ambhoda – of the dark raincloud (Kṛṣṇa); preṣṭha – O favorite!; paṭhed – recites; yaḥ – who; tava – your; dehī – embodied soul;
• prema-ānandaṁ – the bliss of prema; tundilayan – nourishing/increasing; kṣipram – swiftly; amandaṁ – immense;
• taṁ – him; harṣeṇa – with joy; svīkurutāṁ – may He accept; te – your; hṛdaya-īśaḥ – the Lord of the heart.

O crown of mountain ranges! O beloved of the dark raincloud Kṛṣṇa! Any embodied soul who recites these eight verses of yours—may the Lord of your heart (Kṛṣṇa) joyfully accept him as His own, swiftly causing the immense bliss of prema to swell (within him).

Govardhanāṣṭaka (2)

Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī

nīla-skandhojjvala-ruci-bharair maṇḍite bāhu-daṇḍe
chatra-cchāyāṁ dadhad-agharipor labdha-saptāha-vāsaḥ
dhārāpāta-glapita-manasāṁ rakṣitā gokulānāṁ
kṛṣṇa-preyān prathayatu sadā śarma govardhano naḥ (1)

• nīla – dark blue; skandha – from the shoulder; ujjvala – bright; ruci-bharaiḥ – with an abundance of luster; maṇḍite – which was decorated; bāhu-daṇḍe – upon the staff-like arm;
• chatra-cchāyāṁ – the shade of an umbrella; dadhat – providing; agharipoḥ – of the enemy of Agha (Kṛṣṇa); labdha – having obtained; saptāha – for seven days; vāsaḥ – residence;
• dhārā-pāta – by the falling torrents of rain; glapita – distressed/wilted; manasāṁ – whose minds; rakṣitā – the protector; gokulānāṁ – of the residents of Gokula;
• kṛṣṇa-preyān – the one most dear to Kṛṣṇa; prathayatu – may he spread/increase; sadā – always; śarma – joy (and auspiciousness); govardhanaḥ – Govardhana; naḥ – for us.

Upon the staff-like arm of the Enemy of Agha (Kṛṣṇa), adorned with radiant splendor from His dark-blue shoulder, Govardhana served as an umbrella, having obtained residence there for seven days. He is the protector of the residents of Gokula, whose minds were distressed by the falling torrents (of rain). May that Govardhana, the one most dear to Kṛṣṇa, always expand our joy.

bhīto yasmād aparigaṇayan bāndhava-sneha-bandhān
sindhāv adris tvaritam aviśat pārvatī-pūrvajo’pi
yas taṁ jambha-dviṣam akuruta stambha-saṁbheda-śūnyaṁ
sa prauḍhātmā prathayatu sadā śarma govardhano naḥ (2)

• bhītaḥ – terrified; yasmād – from whom; aparigaṇayan – disregarding; bāndhava – for his relatives; sneha-bandhān – the bonds of affection;
• sindhau – into the ocean; adriḥ – the mountain; tvaritam – quickly; aviśat – entered; pārvatī-pūrvajaḥ – the elder brother of Pārvatī (Mount Maināka); api – even;
• yaḥ – who; taṁ – him; jambha-dviṣam – the enemy of Jambha (Indra); akuruta – made; stambha – of arrogance; saṁbheda – with the slightest trace; śūnyaṁ – devoid;
• saḥ – he; prauḍha-ātmā – of bold and powerful heart; prathayatu – may he increase; sadā – always; śarma – joy; govardhanaḥ – Govardhana; naḥ – for us.

Out of fear of him, even the elder brother of Pārvatī (Mount Maināka), disregarding the bonds of affection for his kinsmen, quickly entered the ocean. He made that enemy of Jambha (Indra) devoid of the slightest trace of arrogance. May that Govardhana, of bold and powerful spirit, always expand our joy.

āviṣkṛtya prakaṭa-mukuṭāṭopam aṅgaṁ sthavīyaḥ
śailo’smīti sphuṭam abhidadhat tuṣṭi-visphāra-dṛṣṭiḥ
yasmai kṛṣṇaḥ svayam arasayad ballavair dattam annaṁ
dhanyaḥ so’yaṁ prathayatu sadā śarma govardhano naḥ (3)

• āviṣkṛtya – having manifested; prakaṭa – manifest; mukuṭa-āṭopam – with a multitude of crests; aṅgaṁ – body; sthavīyaḥ – exceedingly vast;
• śailaḥ asmi – "I am the mountain"; iti – thus; sphuṭam – clearly; abhidadhat – proclaiming; tuṣṭi – with satisfaction; visphāra – wide open; dṛṣṭiḥ – whose eyes;
• yasmai – to whom; kṛṣṇaḥ – Kṛṣṇa; svayam – personally; arasayat – ate/relished; ballavaiḥ – by the cowherd men; dattam – offered; annaṁ – food;
• dhanyaḥ – fortunate; saḥ ayam – that very person; prathayatu – may he increase; sadā – always; śarma – joy; govardhanaḥ – Govardhana; naḥ – for us.

Manifesting an exceedingly vast form adorned with a multitude of prominent peaks, and clearly declaring, “I am the mountain,” with eyes wide in satisfaction, Govardhana received the food offered to him by the cowherd men—food that Kṛṣṇa personally relished. May that fortunate Govardhana always expand our joy.

adyāpy ūrja-pratipadi mahān bhrājate yasya yajñaḥ
kṛṣṇopajñaṁ jagati surabhī-sairibhī-krīḍayāḍhyaḥ
śaṣpālambottama-taṭayā yaḥ kuṭumbaṁ paśūnāṁ
so’yaṁ bhūyaḥ prathayatu sadā śarma govardhano naḥ (4)

• adya api – even today; ūrja-pratipadi – on the first day of the waxing moon of the month of Ūrja (Kārtika); mahān – great; bhrājate – shines; yasya – whose; yajñaḥ – festival of worship;
• kṛṣṇa-upajñaṁ – first inaugurated by Kṛṣṇa; jagati – in the world; surabhī – of the surabhi cows; sairibhī – and buffaloes; krīḍayā – with the play; āḍhyaḥ – enriched;
• śaṣpa – for fresh grasses (sprouting from the coolness of his waterfalls); ālamba – the support/shelter; uttama – excellent; taṭayā – by the slopes; yaḥ – who; kuṭumbaṁ – the household/nourisher; paśūnāṁ – of the animals;
• saḥ ayam – that very person; bhūyaḥ – abundantly; prathayatu – may he increase; sadā – always; śarma – joy; govardhanaḥ – Govardhana; naḥ – for us.

Even today, on the first day of the bright fortnight of Ūrja (Kārtika), his great festival of worship—first inaugurated by Kṛṣṇa—shines throughout the world. Enriched by the playful pastimes of the surabhi cows and buffaloes, he nourishes the animals through his excellent slopes that support fresh grasses (sprouting from the coolness of his waterfalls). May that very Govardhana always abundantly expand our joy.

śrī-gāndharvā-dayita-sarasī-padma-saurabhya-ratnaṁ
hṛtvā śaṅkotkara-para-vaśair asvanaṁ sañcaradbhiḥ
ambhaḥ-kṣoda-praharika-kulenākulenānuyātair
vātair yu(ju)ṣṭaḥ prathayatu sadā śarma govardhano naḥ (5)

• śrī-gāndharvā – of Śrī Gāndharvā (Rādhā); dayita – and Her beloved (Kṛṣṇa); sarasī – in the ponds; padma – of the lotuses; saurabhya – of the fragrance; ratnaṁ – the jewel;
• hṛtvā – having stolen; śaṅkā-utkara – by an abundance of fear; para-vaśaiḥ – gripped/overcome; asvanaṁ – silently; sañcaradbhiḥ – moving;
• ambhaḥ-kṣoda – of the water droplets; praharika – of the watchmen; kulena – by the multitudes; ākulena – agitated; anuyātaiḥ – followed/pursued;
• vātaiḥ – by the breezes; juṣṭaḥ – served/frequented; prathayatu – may he increase; sadā – always; śarma – joy; govardhanaḥ – Govardhana; naḥ – for us.

Having stolen the jewel of the fragrance of the lotuses in the ponds of Śrī Gāndharvā and Her beloved (Śrī Rādhā-kuṇḍa and Śrī Śyāma-kuṇḍa), breezes move silently, overcome with great fear. Pursued by agitated multitudes of watchmen in the form of water droplets, they serve him. May that Govardhana always expand our joy.

kaṁsārātes tari-vilasitair ātarānaṅga-raṅgair
ābhīrīṇāṁ praṇayam abhitaḥ pātram unmīlayantyāḥ
dhauta-grāvāvalir amalinair mānasāmartya-sindhor
vīci-vrātaiḥ prathayatu sadā śarma govardhano naḥ (6)

• kaṁsārāteḥ – of the enemy of Kaṁsa (Kṛṣṇa); tari – on the boat; vilasitaiḥ – by the pastimes; ātara – for the fare; anaṅga – of amour; raṅgaiḥ – with the merriment;
• ābhīrīṇāṁ – of the cowherd girls; praṇayam – the affection; abhitaḥ – in all directions; pātram – the vessel/recipient (making Kṛṣṇa captivated); unmīlayantyāḥ – revealing/manifesting;
• dhauta – washed; grāva-āvaliḥ – whose range of stones; amalinaiḥ – by the taintless (bright as milk); mānasa-amartya-sindhoḥ – of the immortal river Mānasa (the Mānasa-gaṅgā);
• vīci-vrātaiḥ – by the multitudes of waves; prathayatu – may he increase; sadā – always; śarma – joy; govardhanaḥ – Govardhana; naḥ – for us.

In the amorous merriment over the fare during pastimes on the boat of the Enemy of Kaṁsa (Kṛṣṇa), the immortal river Mānasa (the Mānasa-gaṅgā) reveals in all directions the cowherd girls’ affection (as the very vessel of His captivation). Its taintless (bright as milk) waves wash his range of stones. May that Govardhana always expand our joy.

yasyādhyakṣaḥ sakala-haṭhinām ādade cakravartī
śuklaṁ nānyad vraja-mṛga-dṛśām arpaṇād vigrahasya
ghaṭṭasyoccair madhukara-rucas tasya dhāma-prapañcaiḥ
śyāma-prasthaḥ prathayatu sadā śarma govardhano naḥ (7)

• yasya – of which; adhyakṣaḥ – the overseer; sakala-haṭhinām – of all who are insistent; ādade – accepted; cakravartī – the emperor;
• śuklaṁ (śulkaṁ) – fare/toll; na – not; anyad – other; vraja-mṛga-dṛśām – of the doe-eyed girls of Vraja; arpaṇād – than the offering; vigrahasya – of the body;
• ghaṭṭasya – of the toll-station; uccaiḥ – highly; madhukara-rucaḥ – possessing the splendor of black bees (made of emeralds); tasya – of that; dhāma-prapañcaiḥ – by the expansive radiance;
• śyāma-prasthaḥ – whose plateau is dark/greenish; prathayatu – may he increase; sadā – always; śarma – joy; govardhanaḥ – Govardhana; naḥ – for us.

By the expansive radiance of his toll-station, highly resplendent with the luster of black bees (being made of emeralds), his plateau is dark (greenish). Its overseer—the emperor of all who are insistent (Kṛṣṇa)—accepted no other fare from the doe-eyed girls of Vraja than the offering of their bodies. May that Govardhana always expand our joy.

gāndharvāyāḥ surata-kalahoddāmatā-vāvadūkaiḥ
klānta-śrotrotpala-valayibhiḥ kṣipta-piñchāvataṁsaiḥ
kuñjais talpopari pariluṭhad-vaijayantī-parītaiḥ
puṇyāṅga-śrīḥ prathayatu sadā śarma govardhano naḥ (8)

• gāndharvāyāḥ – of Gāndharvā; surata-kalaha – in quarrels of amour; uddāmatā – the boldness; vāvadūkaiḥ – which eloquently express;
• klānta – wilted; śrotra-utpala – with lotus earrings; valayibhiḥ – and bracelets; kṣipta – scattered; piñcha-avataṁsaiḥ – with peacock-feather crowns;
• kuñjaiḥ – by the forest groves; talpa-upari – upon the beds; pariluṭhat – rolling/discarded; vaijayantī – with vaijayantī garlands; parītaiḥ – pervaded by;
• puṇya-aṅga – of lovely/auspicious body; śrīḥ – whose beauty; prathayatu – may he increase; sadā – always; śarma – joy; govardhanaḥ – Govardhana; naḥ – for us.

The beauty of His form is enhanced by forest groves that eloquently express the boldness of Gāndharvā (Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī) in amorous quarrels, through wilted lotus earrings and bracelets, scattered peacock-feather ornaments, and vaijayantī garlands cast upon the beds. May that Govardhana always expand our joy.

yas tuṣṭātmā sphuṭam anupaṭhec chraddhayā śuddhayāntar
medhyaḥ padyāṣṭakam acaṭulaḥ suṣṭhu govardhanasya
sāndraṁ govardhana-dhara-pada-dvandva-śoṇāravindaṁ
vindan premotkaram iha karoty adri-rāje sa vāsam (9)

• yaḥ – who; tuṣṭa-ātmā – with a satisfied mind; sphuṭam – clearly; anupaṭhet – repeatedly recites; śraddhayā – with śraddhā; śuddhayā – pure; antaḥ – internally;
• medhyaḥ – pure; padya-aṣṭakam – poem of eight verses; acaṭulaḥ – steady/attentive; suṣṭhu – excellently; govardhanasya – of Govardhana;
• sāndraṁ – deep/intense; govardhana-dhara – of the Lifter of Govardhana; pada-dvandva – for the two feet; śoṇa-aravindaṁ – like red lotuses;
• vindan – obtaining; prema-utkaram – an abundance of prema; iha – here; karoti – does/makes; adri-rāje – upon the king of mountains; saḥ – he; vāsam – residence.

One who, with a satisfied mind, internally pure and steady, clearly and repeatedly recites this eight-verse poem of Govardhana with pure śraddhā and full attention—thereby obtaining an abundance of prema for the two red lotus feet of the Lifter of Govardhana—makes his residence here upon the king of mountains.